Department of Justice Essay Example for Free

part of Justice EssayThere seems to be major issue in the case of United States v. Viktor Kozenzy. The particularised legal question is whether Viktor Kozenzy, Frederic Bourke, Jr, and David Pinkerton had conspiracy to screw up the Foreign Corrupt Practices defend and the Travel Act. There atomic number 18 many facts that support this claim. Viktor Kozenzy, Federic Bourke Jr. and David Pinkerton paid and also caused to be paid bribes to Azeri Officials. They all became shareholders of buttery Rock. fulsome Rock invested in Azeri privatization vouchers. They also became part of Minaret as well. Mineret was a party to the co-investment agreement between Oily Rock and the co-investors. There seems to be lots of more facts in this case. The defendants made many corrupt payments, promises, and offers to superior officials of the Government of Azerbaijan.They all seemed to have conspiracy to bribe and there are evidence of conducting wire transfers and put cash payments. They also promised two-thirds of the profits of Oily-Rock and receive two-thirds of Oily Rock vouchers. There are was also some(prenominal) jewelry exchanged in excess of $600,000 to Azeri officials. The source of my facts came from Justice.gov, it is the official United States Department of Justices website. It is very credible and accurate. There seems to be relevant laws and regulations such as Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and Travel Act.The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act made it unlawful to bribe officials. It was passed in 1977. I bank that the court reached the decision by the substantial evidence. There were documented evidence that shows the money laundering, stock options, and wire transfer to foreign officials. I think that the court was correct that the defendant did indeed conspire to violate the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the Travel Act. This situation could be easily avoided if the government officials had personal ceremony over them or checking the bank accounts . Many of the officials should be watched closely after and monitored.Works CitedThe United States Deparment of Justice. Retrieved from http//www.justice.gov/ culpable/fraud/fcpa/cases/kozenyv.html

Feedback Loops Essay Example for Free

Feedback Loops EssayDMSS processing pass on produce a variety of evaluation-specific outputs. A of import document go out be synthesized with the forecasts and reports regarding the DMSS effectiveness. The following go forth be enumerated in this document. (i) Organization performance, as healthy as, maturity assessments of the decision maker bequeath be decomposed by the outcome projections. (ii) Phase and step ratings will be the separated form of the process projections, as well as, productivity appraisals and personal efficiency. (iii) The usage of the evaluated DMSS will determine the overall decision value. (iv) Further processing will be done by the advice and testimonial of the logic leading. The detailed documentation will be provided by such an enumeration, by which, the evaluation will be justified properly. The user will be avail subject with several output options. The desired voice of the main output will be displayed by the users on the monitor, and display will be able to print by the users. Alternatively, the entire document could be saved by the user into a file, and a hard copy could be printed for the display of the results.Point-and-click operations will allow the selection of all these options, which will allow the transp arency of the processing to the user. Database entries laughingstock be updated or revised, specific knowledge can be evaluated, and evaluation model can be operational by the use of feedback from the actions of the evaluator, as signified by the input loop. The original analyses and evaluations can be modified, extended, and guided by the use of output feedback, as shown by the bottom loop. What-if-type sensitivity analyses have been included in the important further evaluations.In these analyses, specified changes in the outcome or process measures and their reactions on the DMSS effectiveness can be determined by the evaluator. (Dean 2006) dependableness of CBTIs (Customized Business Technical Informatio n) M both computer-based systems for test interpretation also include options for computerized test administration and scoring. In most (but not all) cases, CBTIs have been constructed for instruments originally developed as non-computerized measures, raising issues regarding the equality of computerized and non-computerized administration formats. think that by and large, computer-administered tests are essentially equivalent to brochure-administered tests. However, findings reported in that article and elsewhere suggest that conclusions regarding comparison are to a greater extent ambiguous than this. Scholar argued that equivalence between testing formats should be evaluated along both psychometric dimensions and experiential ones (eg, perceptual and attitudinal processes).They concluded that most studies have not addressed all the criteria for equivalence and have usually ignored possible differences in variances and criterion validity between computerized and traditional pro cedures. Although the strongest say for psychometric equivalence has been obtained for computerized adaptations of paper-and-pencil measures of personality, even here the data are mixed. For example, Honaker and Fowler cited four studies between 1974 and 1987 comparing computerized and booklet MMPI administration formats in which significant mean score differences were found on one or more scales.They noted that the status of the MMPI equivalency research is somewhat discouraging because the number of studies on the MMPI far exceeds that done for any other assessment instrument. A significant emf advantage of automated administration of psychological tests lies in computerized adaptive testing (CAT) in which only a subset of the complete item pool is presented, based on known item-response properties and idiographic response patterns of the respondent.Items lying outside the floor and ceiling of the individuals response pattern (i. e. , having every very high or very low probabili ties of being answered in a particular direction) are omitted, thus providing greater efficiency of testing. Moreover, because CAT tailors the test to each individual, and each person responds to different subsets of items, anyone can be measured with the same degree of precision (i. e. , the same standard error), facilitating both accuracy and potential validity in predicting non-test criteria.

IMC Plan Essay Example for Free

IMC Plan Essayexecutive summaryThe come forthline of this IMC mean is to ex scarper Abercrombie Fitch orchestrate listening, materialisation generation, to the old separate the priming coat by doing this schema is because there argon much strength node that concordnt been secernate yet, so if we domiciliate chain of mountains to those mountain, the tag grass expand its commercialize and gain to a considerableer extent profit. Further much, the reliable date that AF holds in spate mind top executive be a stigmatise that fork overs chance(a) sumptuosity harvestings or a snitch that is b bely for issue nation, nevertheless if the smirch taking into custody have the luck to upgrade its epitome to compargon with those mellow-end tags, the sword value impart increase dramatically. And so by, we essential carry the element of maturity into our marque anatomy and aggregation elder customer to leverage our fruit. In toughened come to the fore in to carry visualise up this system, this IMC plan go a guidance use divers(prenominal) food commercialiseing parley tools much(prenominal)(prenominal) as crossroad placement, evet merchandising, advertising and public relationship to secure this inclination. Eventually, after execute this impudently outline for AF, to a neater extent and more elderberry bush provide consider AF is a imperfection non just for teens only when in addition for them.Business situation review* Brand introductionAbercrombie Fitch, in addition known as AF, is a renowned humanswide path brand that provides deal the smack of causal extravagance it has a frame of product from the shoes that you wear on foot to the hat wear on the top, nevertheless essence and those exquisite accessories you locoweed vitiate ace at the stemma as soundly. Nowadays, AF has more than 300 branches at bottom the U.S, and several(prenominal) stores well-nigh the world.The soil w hy AF is so commonplace recently is because the style of the product is incomparable and modern furthermore, the products also throw high quality as well. Additionally, a nonher primer coat that AF has such(prenominal) high popularity is because the sacrificeable scathe, take the T-shit for instance, the average price is 25 to 30 dollars, if we compare AF to those famous brand such as Armani, Ralph Lauren, Calvin Klein, we suffer find out the price that AF stands is much friendly than the others. * Tar view off marketThe principal(prenominal) market of AF is objective lens at those young adults, from the age 18 to 25, different nationalities, colouring and characteristic, and those stack who passion fancy stuff further cant afford extremely expensive brand. peerless of the things that AF depict muckle is the image that vauntings the personality of vivid, young except a great sense of advance. Many people might consider a brand that is for young existence as pre get on, the abrase that, however, start out from AF is the sense of mood and the high-class scenting. Furthermore, due to the affordable price, young adult Can have the ability to buy such a brand that provides the sense of manner and distinguish themselves among others.* CompetitiveAmong the retail-clothing industry, there are divers(a) of brand that conform to al nigh the same brand image as AF, but the reason why AF still can distinguish from those brand is because the unmatched brand equity that it stands. therefore, although there are both(prenominal) attributes that corresponding with AF, we still can scrutinize into those nuance and seek out al almost different among each others, and thats instead essential to execute onwards doing our own IMC plan. Therefore, those brand listed downstairs are similar with AF, and all in the same category.1. HMHM (Hennes Mauritz AB) is an international sort brand, which comes from Swedish. The target market of HM is for men, women, teenagers and children, and those people who love personal manner products. The feature of this retail-clothing launch out is to provide fast-produce product that provides consumer the fast cubic yard of trend, it essence that the time from the convention process to the product been displayed in the store is short. Because of that, consumer can enthral those fashion products at the very starting signal hand. The company has more than two thousand chain store nearly the world. Meanwhile, HM often co-branding with other fashion blueprinter such as MARNI, VERSACE LANVINJIMMY CHOOROBERTO CAVALLI, and so on This strategy wins the product more valuable than before, and triggers the collecting enthusiasm among those consumers.2. ZARAZARA is one of the most famous fast-fashion brands in the world now, it owns by Inditex Group, a giant Spanish closing retail company. The company claims it only takes two calendar week from producing a new product to any chain store. One of the marketing strategies that ZARA possess is that they dont execute any commercial advertisement, or else of doing that they transfer the capital to set up another branch. The target sense of hearing is those people prefer enjoying fast pace fashion product, and wish to be distinguishes from other people.3. everlastingly 21Forever 21 is a fashion brand that from the U.S., and it has many branches in major cities around the world. The brand offers trendy clothing and accessories to those people who love exquisite product, particularly the young-bearing(prenominal) market. The price point that the brand stands is quite friendly compare with those high-end fashion brands such as Armani, Gucci, LV, etc.4. cleftGAP is a brand that owned by The Gap, Inc., an American clothing and accessories retailer. The target market that the brand center at the first place is only on blue jeans and T-shit, but later the brand expands its product category to suit the indigences of men, women and children. The personality of GAP is more general than those others brand such as HF, AF, Forever 21, and the spectrum of age for victimisation GAPs product is much broader as well.* SWOT abstract for AFSTRENGTHS1. Acceptable priceThe price strategy is a very essential factor that determines the brand position. One thing that rats AF so popular is the affordable price more people can enjoy accredited level of luxury or fashion ground on a friendly price. Because of the affordable price, fashion is not a privilege hold by those rich people. Take the price of a duplicate of jeans for instance compare with a 190 dollars jean that DIESEL sale, the price of the jeans that AF is only around 70 dollars. Therefore, the friendly price is a factor that can strengthen this brand, and befool more people refer in it.2. Specific market earshotAbercrombie Fitch creates a very specific target segment that helps the brand to focus on certain consume. The target audience consists of various people, but the most important factor is all some the young generation. Meanwhile, due to the specific marketing segment, the brand can come out with more specific strategy that hold ups them easier to reach through the consumer.3. Strong distribution strategyThere are several demeanors for AF to distribute its product the first one is the brick and mortar store, such as those stores indoors Macys. Second, the consumer can purchase the product online due to its own online store, allowing those busy people to shop instead going to the store. Meanwhile, just about times there are some special advancement only carries out on the online store.4. Unique atmosphere for obtain in storeThe atmosphere at bottom the store provides consumer a really pleasant circumstance to shop, moreover, the unique ornament and the aura makes the brand distinguish from the others.5. Stylish designThe image that shows on AFs product is simple but voguish. However, maybe there are few pi cture or character on the product, but the design that shows on all product convey a sense of modern and fashion, and thats the reason so many people get draw in on this amazing brand.WEAKNESS1. Few branch chain store in the Asia and Europe market The number of the chain store within Asia and Europe market is way below the number in the U.S. First of all, during the past ten years, the closing market in Asia has growing extremely, and due to AF is an international fashion brand, the distribution strategy should emphasize on this booming area more in bon ton to bear more profit and enhance the brand awareness and committedness. Furthermore, when talk to fashion the first place that pops out in your mind will definitely be Europe, such as London, Milan, Paris, etc. Thus, in come out to strengthen AF fashion image, permitting more people aware of this brand is necessary.2. Provoking imageIn order to make the advertisement more attractable AF usually use the head of sex to appeal consumer. Lots of advertisement or picture imply some kind of sexual implication that some times makes people receive unpleasant especially those conservative.3. Untruthful entropy via on-line advertisingWhen AF is doing some kind of packaging via the on-line store, some time the study is not clear and not appropriate with the selective informationrmation that they promoted in the brick and mortar store.4. Similar design concept with the competitorSome time is a little bit hard to distinguish AFs product from those competitor, not because the design but also the attributes of the brans parity, especially when the target audience is similar with each other THREATS1. Losing senior marketBecause the target market that AF holds is focus on the young generation, therefore, senior might not consider AF as the brand when they want to shop for garment. 2. Generate negative brand imageThe advertisement that AF usually conduct is by using sexual appeals to attract people, or using mach o male or sexy female to tempt consumer. This, however, tactic might creates some negative look among the brand, the consumer especially those parents might obtains AF as a bran which is not ethical.3. Losing market dowry due to brand parityThere are several brands that possess similar product or design with AF. Therefore, how to distinguish each other will be the most important things that the brand expects to take into consider. Otherwise, the consumer cant recognize the difference amid AF and the others.4. Losing market share due to few chain store overseaThere are over 300 stores within the U.S, but just couple branches in the international market. In comparison with AF, many brand expand their chain store all over the world, letting more people enjoy the plea sealed of shopping their products, such as HM, ZARA, GAP, etc. The sake of setting branches around the world is not just knuckle under companys revenue but also build up brand awareness in peoples mind, forcing peop le to familiar with the brand image and strengthen the brand loyalty.OPPORTUNITIESThere are many possible opportunities that AF can deal with, and each opportunity can set up different positive consequence that will provides somewhat benefit to AF and fall through the brand various direction to discern their strategy and fulfill the military commission they possess such as adding the Green concept to the product, offer still modification among all pants, enhance the on-line system that go againsts more access for customer to shop or some special event like Issuing limited products. However, within this IMC plan for Abercrombie Fitch, the main idea that I want to express the most is the target market exist some certain porta to generate more profit or brand awareness by playing more concern on those seniors.Based upon this idea, there are several opportunities that we can follow 1. Make AF more adequate to senior by redesign the products The reason that redesign the product can appeal more senior customer is due to the style or graphic that display on the product might be deemed pre fledged by those senior. Therefore, if the brand can place more effort on designing the proper style senior likes, the brand can expand its target market to a higher level. 2. modify the stereotype that AF is a brand for young generation In the mind of people who love fashion product, AF al slipway be considered as a brand for young people, not because the product itself, but also the image that the commercial present to the public. Thus, AF should dedicate more on the image, the image that convey more maturity. As a result, it will attract more senior customer to purchase AFs product.3. Positioning AF as a brand to seniorAbercrombie Fitch can be the brand that provides not just the casual feeling but also the high level of exquisite perception. Expanding the product category to more mature product might be a way to strengthen the image of maturity. Meanwhile, AF can mak e itself be seemed as the level of those high level fashion brand such as Gucci, LV, PRADA, etc. This sustain will give the massage to the consumer that AF can also suit the need of their desire for the product that is fashion and also possess the personality of mature.Marketing objectiveAccording to the 2010 Form 10-k, Abercrombie Fitch Co. provided by the U.S. Securities and modify Commission, the revenue of AF is $ 3.469 billion, and its getting better compare with those previous years. In order to, however, make the company generate more profit and brand loyalty, we must scrutinize into those potential opportunities and carry out the dress hat one, therefore, the marketing objective within this IMC plan is that Abercrombie Fitch will increase the revenue and develop more potential customer from expand the target market which is from the young generation to those senior consumer, by three years later. As we know, the target customer for AF is focus on those young generation s, especially from the age 18 to 25. Thus, by extending the target audience, AF can attract more potential customer and gain more profit.1. resultWithin this IMC plan, we are not selling any dissociateicular products or item but sooner the brand or any products that associated with AF. The idea of this plan is to expand the age segment in order to attract more senior customer than before. Therefore, how to make the products appealed to those older customers is the concept that me need to take into account, in addition, putting more mature element in the design process will give the final product a sense of maturity and a bit more fashion. Thus, the marketing objective at this part will be adding more mature flavor to the product and strengthen the product image to a high level that indicate the sense of maturity. After the fulfillment of this objective, Abercrombie Fitch will not just the brand only focus on young people but also warrant the reason why the brand suit the senior as well.2. PriceSometimes the price is the hardest part to decide in the process of setting objectives. Different brand price range from cheap to outrageous high, one of the reason that why AF is so popular is due to the affordable price, the price that most of the people can afford it. However, affordable price is not equal with the normal quality, adding value to the price, make the price value beyond the price itself. There is several ways to accomplish this concept such as providing a higher quality of customer service in order to enhance the relationship between both sides, or strengthen the brand image by making people believe AF is a brand that provides high quality merchandise. Eventually, the goal is to convince consumer the value of the price is way beyond the demonstrable one.3. PlaceMost of the time when shopping in the store, its obviously that the majority of customers are teenager, and one of the reason might be the surroundings is intentional to attract the targ et market (young people), therefore, all the decoration or the aura inside the store is more like a young generation style, such as the picture on the wall usually are those macho men and sexy female the perfume inside the store is so strong that you can smell it after you leave the store and the light is a little bit gloomy that some time make people feel dizzy. As a result, all the reason that I mentioned above might be the causes that hesitate senior to shop in the store. Therefore, the marketing object of this part is to create a better and comfortable environment for senior. Meanwhile, its important not just to provide a suitable circumstance to shop but also an understandable way to reach through.4. PromotionOne of the problem that we need to solve with the promotion is to break through the generation gap, this gap might seems nothing seemingly, but it sure does matter the way that the promotion take place. The reason that I mention it is because the way senior see through the promotion process is totally different than young people, therefore, the marketing objective is to concentrate on the meaning of the promotion, providing information that will attract senior customer to the store and also form the knowledge that AF is a brand not just for kids but also for adult. As a result, by using the proper promotion, AF can attract more people to generate more reputation, and boost the revenue as well.The central strategic ideaAmong those fashion brands, AF is the one that focus on the casual luxury segment, many people unbidden to buy its product due to the quality product and the fashion brand image, because of that, AF become one of the most popular get dressed brand among the world nowadays. However, when talking about the position that AF stands, most of the people will consider AF as a brand that only suit for young people, most of the product that display in the store are hoody, T-shirt or jeans, those product usually deem as for children, but that i s only the stereotype among all of us, if AF can attract more people that is older to purchase the product, the image will eventually change, and the brand will be widely consider as a mature brand such as Ralph Lauran, Tommy or Calvin Klein. As far as Im concerned, the reason why I think expand the target market from young people to senior is a proper strategy for Abercrombie Fitch is because there still exist a great amount of potential customer that can bring a huge profit to AF having a bunch of young loyalty customer is not enough, the best way to build up a phenomenal reputation is to provide service to both junior and senior, make the brand broadly acceptable.Furthermore, when talk to those renowned brands such as LV, Gucci, Armani, we wont consider them as a premature brand or a bran that is only suit for young generation or some certain group but a brand that provides high quality of exquisite product. The inclination of this strategic idea is not putting Abercrombie Fit ch at the same position as those fashion brands that I mentioned above. The reason of this strategy is to elevate the brand to a higher level that provide the mature feeling that can attract senior customer, meanwhile, when more and more senior customer enjoy AFs products, the brand image will become more self-coloured and convince people that AF is a brand that not only suit for teens but also for adults.However, before starting this strategic idea, there are several thing that we need to reconsider, such as the communication situation, hows the current communication channel looks like? Whats the tactic that Abercrombie Fitch utilized to reach through customer? Is the current tactic suit for our new customer? Those questions are the one we need to elaborated, and come out with a more specific plan that can appeal more people, especially senior, to purchase our product. Furthermore, we have to redefine our customer, make sure me know the attributes of their shopping behavior or ev en the style that those senior prefer, this effort will give us the knowledge to know our customer deeper and better. confabulation situation analysisAccording to this strategic plan for Abercrombie Fitch, the main problem for senior to shop for AFs product is the wrong cognition that the brand is only suit for young people, and because of this reason, most of the senior will rather prime(a) other brand that will provides them the sense of maturity and possess the fashion feeling at the same time. Therefore, ground on this obstacle, we need to convey the undecomposed information to the right person. Thus, the information must be via the right channel and the massage must be tailor to match what seniors needs. Nowadays, most of the information give wayd through different media, and its easy for people to see.However, there is no such a No.1 option, different media has its own function, it cant just apply to every ones need. For AF, we can grab the message from various ways, such as the commercial lunched on the TV, the picture issued inside the powder stores, the image display on the giant billboard, the store that we shop on-line or even the massage within the store. Those channels all can make a very well impression on us therefore, the detail inside those channels will be the key factor to change peoples attitude. Take the magazine for example, in order to appeal senior customer, the picture inside the magazine cant just use young people as model, it has to show some full-grown that is mature enough to bring out the specific feeling.Target audience analysisWhen speak to Abercrombie Fitch, the first image or feeling that pop out consumers mind is the perception of vitality and youth, thus, the target audience for AF is focus on those young generations from the age18 to 25. Meanwhile, except the age, there are several attributes that possessed by those people, such as the tendency of collecting fashion products, or owning the ability to purchase fashion items to make themselves looks better. However, based upon the new marketing strategy, the final goal is to extend the age segment and bring more senior customer to this market, therefore, the new target audience among this marketing plan is the age from 30 to 50 and possess the avocation characteristics 1. Self-Independent on the economic statusGenerally speaking, most of the young customers cant afford to purchase a great amount of products at the same time because they are not self-independent on the economic status they still rely on parents income to supply their daily cost, and subject to parents order. However, if the target audience is focus on those seniors who have a greater power of consumption than those youth, they can purchase more products and make the purchase decision by their own. Moreover, due to this customer characteristic, there will be more consumption either inside the store or the on-line purchase, and the revenue will have a sharp increase as well.2. Live in the urban areaThere are several good parts that benefits the customer that live in the urban area, the first one is the people can have more access to purchase AFs product. Although the Internet is so popular now, we can even purchase the product at the on-line store just for a click, but we still cant have the virtual contact with the products. For customers, sometime is better for them to see the product by itself and give the product a try to make sure whether the item fits the person or not.Furthermore, most of the population lives in the urban area, and the majority of AFs store locates at the central of the metropolis. Therefore, the people lives in the city can have more opportunity and convenience to reach its products. Second, the latest trend and fashion info often starts from the urban area the people lives inside the city can gain the first-hand information about the latest fashion trend. 3. Care about personal imageNo matter male or female, the target audience must have somewhat narcissism in her or his personality. They believe that corrosion good-looking cloth and the right brand can creates the sense of confidence, and thats the reason why they option AF to be the brand they want.4. Interesting in the fashion domainPeople who love fashion tend to pay more focus on the apparel industry, because there is a strong connection between each other. Every time there is a new product release or a product co-branding with a famous designer, the person will follow the news and try to participate in the event, and theres a high percentage that the person will purchase the product.Positioning strategy analysisPositioning takementAmong all the people from age 30 to 50, who love fashion products and enjoy wearing casual luxury apparel (Target audience) Abercrombie Fitch (Product/Service name) Is one of the most famous causal-luxury apparel brands in the fashion industry (Competitive set) That performs confidence, vitality and uniqueness to customer (B enefits proposition) Because of the high quality product and the stylish design (Product support) 1. Target audienceIn the positioning statement, the target audience is not just for those young people but also focus more on the senior market. Based on the strategic idea of this IMC plan, the perfect age group is from 30 to 50, because they possess several preponderance such as having a job and a more stable income than those young people, thus, they have more opportunity to purchase AFs products. Moreover, seniors usually have a better perceptivity on closing than juniors, therefore, if AF can make those seniors become its loyalty customer, it can transfer the image that the brand is not just for young people but also for those mature adults.2. Product/Service nameAccording to this IMC plan, there are no specific products that the company wants to promote or use as a strategy to boost the sale. Our mission is to promote Abercrombie Fitch s name and appeal senior customer to use our product. Therefore, the goal of this plan is to redress the image and promote the concept that the bran is more likely for senior.3. Competitive setFor Abercrombie Fitch, our competitive set is not just in the apparel business, but also the whole fashion industry. The products for AF are miscellaneous, so thats the reason why AF can compete with different kinds of fashion brands. Furthermore, because the brand has already well known by the public, so they dont have to put extra effort on creating brand awareness.4. Benefits propositionThe people who wear AF cloth or use any of its products can feel a sense of fashion and confidence due to its unique position in the market. The feeling that terminate from the product can be somewhat energetic and mature, and thats the feeling, which appeal to most of the consumer to purchase its product. Meanwhile, based on the new strategy, we want customers to have a different experience than before by means of a much mature image that can persu ade senior to get involve in it.5. Product supportThe reason why AF is so popular around the word is because the stylish design and the unique image that convey to the world. Those apparels or products that design by AF are usually simple but modern there is no fancy figure or glary color on it. Therefore, the brand is easy to distinguished from the other competitors, and also thats the reason why I think the strategy to expand the age segment to a higher level is feasible, because usually the more simple singularity that the product possess, the more easy for the product to be considered mature, and thats the thing our new potential customer wants.Communication objectives and strategiesAlthough there are various brands within the fashion industry, different people choice the brand that suit them the most, sometime is based on status, some time is based on personal taste however, the reason why so many people, especially teenagers, appealed by AF is owing to its stylish design and officious image. However, the problem of this IMC plan is how to get seniors involve in this brand and turn them to up hold AFs products. Thus, the communication object is to send the massage to the target audience and boost the revenue by convincing people that the brand is not just for teens but also will be the best choice for seniors to purchase when they need closing.In order to accomplish the communication objective, there are several strategies that listed below 1. To create a suitable environment for senior to visit AF stores In order to fulfill this strategy, we must conduct some research to realize whats the key element that triggers senior to shop and whats the terminal figure that make them feel comfortable while they doing purchase. The reason for doing this strategy is because the current environment is designed to attract young consumer, therefore, in order to attract senior customer, the company must figure out the best shopping environment to appeal them to come. 2. Promote the idea that Abercrombie Fitch is a brand for senior Refresh the original image of AF and put the sense of maturity into the brand whereby senior feels like this special brand is for them. In order to execute this strategy, we must use different marketing tools and various mediums to accomplish this mission. More details will be illustrated in the last part of this IMC plan. 3. Move Abercrombie Fitchs image up to those high-end fashion brand such as Calvin Klein and Ralph Lauran. The purpose of this strategy is to let people build the connection for AF to those high-end brands in order to increase the brand value. By strengthen the brand value, more people, especially senior, will consider AF as a phenomenal brand to purchase.Program of tactics and executionsWith count to this IMC plan, there are various tools to accomplish this mission different tactic has its own advantage so we need to slice them together then maximize the great amount of benefit from it. There are so many disciplines such as advertising, personal selling, PR, etc. Therefore, sometimes we just cant use them all we have to select some of the most effective ways to conduct the strategy that we came out with. And so by, according to this plan, several tactics will be elaborated in the following paragraph1. Product placementThe reason why this alternative marketing tactic is a great choice for this strategy is because by using this method, not just the product of A F can expose to the customer but also the image. When the products display inside a movie or commercial, the audience will have a chance to see and have the perception of it. Meanwhile, this tactic has been so popular for quite a long time and most of the company considers this tactic as a great ways to promote their brand or product, so the potential influence on customer is quite huge. Therefore, based on our strategy, we will expose our product or our brand image to the public, but we need to place it in the right p lace and person. We will execute our plan by putting AFs products or logo on senior who take part in the movie or commercial, the reason why we are doing this is because we want the customer who is in front of the TV or computer to deem the brand is looking good on those people.Generally, we seldom saw A Fs product wearing on senior among any program, so thats the notion we want to convey to people. Furthermore, in order to illustrate more specifically, we will choice certain people or program to expose our brand image, take the actor for instance, when choosing the people to wear our product, we might consider senior more than young guys, the actor such as Gorge Clooney or Sarah Jessica Parker will be the best candidate for study the new image of maturity to people. In addition, we must pick the right movie or TV program to place our brand into it, because some time if the movie or program is for teens or children, the purpose of this action will be not successfully accomplished. 2. AdvertisingThere are various ways in advertising, each of one has it own advantage, however, in this case, there will be only few channel that appropriate to accomplish this goal, such as * Television In nowadays, people can get a slew of information from TV, and it is also the best way to create awareness. According to this channel, the best way to convey the information that the brans is not only suit for young people but also adults as well is to launch a commercial that carry the image of senior wearing A F product and shows how confidence they can be just because the brand can bring the sense of fashion and maturity. When people, especially seniors, see the commercial frequently, they will gradually change the original brand image in their mind.* MagazineThere are tons of different magazine in the field now and it has possess several advantage such as high marketing segment, longer attention to ads, high color quality, etc. We, however, cant put our advertisement in all of t hem, we must be specific, choosing the right one that can reach the right person, therefore, according to the strategy, the target magazine will definitely be those fashion one such as Elle, Ebony, Vogue, People and FHM. Furthermore, in order to promote the perception of mature and professional, those famous magazine such as measure, Economist, ADWEEK will also be taken into consider. Take TIME for example in order to give the audience an explicit impression, we might consider buying a whole page for our ad, thus, once the reader start to read, the image of our brand will unfold in front of them.* OutdoorThe place that can display the ads are not just in the TV or magazine, there are many places we can use in the public area to show our brand image and product advertisement, such as the giant billboard out side, the bus stop next to your house, even on the public transportation can have a space to make advertising. Therefore, we will display our brand image in those places that peo ple gather the most make sure our exposure can reach people as much as possible. To make this tactic more specific, A F will leads this method by putting out senior celebrity image such as Gorge Clooney the image of him will mostly convince people that AF is a brand that fits on senior and it looks good as well.3. Public RelationsIn the tactic of PR, our goal is to build the right image we want, and let people feel positive that this new brand image is positive. Therefore, by using all the tools of PR such as the news release, annual report, news conference etc. we want people to know the brand is extending its image to a higher level, and will provides customer a better feeling that will appeals to those senior customer. To execute this strategy by using PR, we might have to combine different tactic to maximize the outcome. For instance, in order to spread the new image out, we might need to set up some event or co-branding with the others.And so by, we might need to set up a news conference or launch a press release to run our story to the public. In addition, one of the functions of PR is to create positive image and strengthen companys reputation, so by sponsoring special event such as the Oscar ceremony, LPG golf tour and the Grand end run series the image of AF will be seen not just a brand that provides causal luxury apparel, but also a brand that possess high-end perception and the sense of maturity. Furthermore, in order to let people understand the reason why the company comes up with this idea, and to convince senior to use its product the company can release some article that is relevant to this topic, getting people familiar with the new idea.4. Celebrity EndorsementBy using well-known people to promote its product can make the brand image more clear and gain more attention. In order to make our brand shine and bright among the public, the company is imperative to choose the right person for endorse its product, several condition such as the per son need to have a positive image that well recognised by the public, the persons personality needs to match with the brand or the product otherwise, people will think the brand has no connection with the person, and that will make the credibility decline. So, in order to fulfill the condition and match the strategy we set up, we will invite celebrity such as Gorge Clooney, Brad Pitt, and Robert Downey Jr. to be our spokesman and by using their mature charisma, more people will convert their first image of AF and turn in to the perception as the strategy we wanted.5. Event marketingIn order to promote the strategy and boost the sale, we can create several events to accomplish this goal more detail will be elaborated in the following paragraph* The A social rankTo create loyalty customer and reward them for their purchase, we will conduct a membership program that give them the benefit as a return. The program will run first with applying our membership card and reefer the AF club after applying, every time when they purchase a certain amount of money, they can get some credit, and after collecting enough credit, the person can enjoy a perpetual 30% discount on every purchase afterward. Moreover, the person who gets a perpetual membership can receive a 100 dollars gift card on his or her every birthday. * The I want to fly fashion eventIn order to strengthen the function of our perpetual membership, we will co-brand with United air hose and American Express every time when you take a flight with United Airline or purchase product from AF by using American Express, the person can receive bonus from it, and can use the bonus to purchase flight ticket or products within A F store. outcomeNowadays, Abercrombie Fitch is one of the most famous fashion brand in the world, the brand has it own unique image and special value, the trend of buying its product is not just happen in the State but also around the world. However, besides the current situation, the compa ny has more opportunity to enhance its brand equity by expanding the customer segment to a higher level. In order to make the brand more accepted by senior, we must create another image that can appeal to them, make them feel the brand is not just for cool teenagers but also for mature adults. Therefore, the strategy of extending target customer to the senior segment can bring more profit to the company and form a new brand image, providing customer another high- end brand to shop and make them feel special.

Types Of Films And Films Narrative Essay Example for Free

Types Of Films And Films communicatory EssayFiction something that does not exist in real life Contrasted with Documentary films, Fiction does not purport to deal with factual information. However, there atomic number 18 also Documentary-Fiction combinations worry in the JFK film. In JFK, the film maker incorporated found footage to deliver it a semblance of reality. petition your classmates for a show of hands, who has watched JFK?Documentary occupy refer to the table above for the distinctions. Ask your classmates for documentaries that they have watched and sign out the devices utilise by these documentaries they volunteered. briefly discuss how The Blair Witch Project is of the subgenre, mockumentary, to supplement the discussion in the Film Art book. Ask questions roughly the accuracy and reliability of documentaries. Discuss the impact of Al Gores An Inconvenient Truth as a popularized documentary for the purpose of environmental advocacy. Ask your classmates if they find documentaries convincing or just bordering on propaganda? Why is Michael Moore a controversial figure?Animation Please refer to the table above for the distinctions. Ask your classmates for animated films that they have watched and point out the devices employed by these animated they volunteered. To supplement the book discussion, lift the other concepts and subgenres under animation such as rotoscoping technique (like in Richard Linklaters films, Waking brio and A Scanner Darkly), Japanese anime films (Voltes V, Daimos, Princess Mononoke), Computer Graphics Interface (CGI like Finding Nemo, expert Feet, iMAX 3D animated features) in contrast to old movie theater techniques (manu ally drawing and painting on celluloid sheets that are overlapped and shot frame by frame).See more how to start a narrative analyze observational and Avant-Garde Please refer to the table above for the distinctions. Ask your classmates for experimental films that they have watched and point out the devices employed by these experimental films they volunteered. Discuss the Japanese-American film, Eiga Zuke, or Pickled Film, through the technique employed by the filmmaker. Here, the abstract splotches were created by soaking the negative in pickling agents before processing it into film stock. Experimental films generally have no rules, emphasizing self-expression and exploratory techniques. Ask your classmates what kind of experimentation they would eventually like to try in their own films in the future?Defining Genres (Mental Note yield S-T-E-M, Subject, Theme, Emotional Effect, dash of Presentation) Subject overtake an example of a film with a specific offspring, like a biography, the subject is the life of the protagonist. Theme Give an example, like a Western, where the theme is resolving conflict between justness and order forces, versus outlaws, bandits or Indian communities. Distinct Emotional Effect like in Horror movies and thrillers, these are calc ulated to make the audience feel horrified.These films challenge the sensibilities of what the audience perceives as normal. Manner of presentation Give an example of a film, like a Musical, where the characters clearly engage in singing and dancing to expire aspects of the plot Al shipway remember that Genre Mixing is common and that there are certain innovations in film that challenge the preconceived notions established in that genre. This is a reflection of the social process that includes a transforming social milieu. For example, the film Aliens, portrays Ripley as a strong feminist character who is also a lovingness mother.Chapter 4 NARRATIVE AS A FORMAL SYSTEMSTATE The Story-Plot distinction suggests that you want to give someone a synopsis of a narrative film, you can proceed in 2 ways1. Summarize the story, starting from the earliest incident which the plot cues you, then infer straight through to the end.2. guarantee the plot, starting with the first incident you encou ntered in watching the film3 Aspects of Narrative (Mental Note Picture Ca-T-S , Causality, Time, Space)Narration the Flow of Story InformationOpenings, Closings and Patterns of DevelopmentRefer to the table to discuss the distinctions and cite examples from the book.In the classical Hollywood narrative, the chain of actions that result from predominantly psychological causes tends to motivate most or all other narrative events. if the characters did not desire something to be different from the way it is at the beginning of the narrative, throw would not occur.Discuss a short excerpt from the Citizen Kane film and analyzes the aspects by showing them the plot section in the book. Integrate all the concepts discussed so far in the Citizen Kane class discussion.Dont exit to thank your audience after your presentation.Works CitedBordwell, D. and Kristin Thompson. Types of Films. Film Art An Introduction. Location Publisher, Year. 42-61Bordwell, D. and Kristin Thompson. Narrative as a Formal System. Film Art An Introduction. Location Publisher, Year. 89-113

The biological and learning perspectives

The biologic and learnedness placements ill al upset for re primary(prenominal)s a substantial problem today. According to Berkowitz (1975) assault end be delimit as any deportment which is intended to cause abuse to a nonher person whether physiologic everyy or verbally. This investigation is an valuation of the biologic and encyclopaedism locations of psychology accounting for the evolution of intrusion in children.Aggression from the biologic perspective is seen as an innate demeanor which is familialally transferred from the p atomic number 18nts to their military issue. Supplementary biologic factors which cause belligerence atomic number 18 low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin, as well as sure sense structures such as the hypothalamus and amygdala, that when manipulated, whitethorn result in self-assertive behavior.When considering the nurture perspective and surroundal determinants of invasion in children there ar identify factors which bunk an essential intent. The observations of early(a)s behaviour as demonstrated by Albert Bandura (1961) as well as the frustration ill will system suggested by Dollard (1939) extradite been constitute to be considerable factors in the organic evolution of belligerence. Video games sacrifice overly been identified as a contributing cause of aggression in children.This examination investigates the origins of childhood aggression and evaluates two take issueing perspectives, these creation the biologic and breeding perspective, and collectively concludes that there ar various factors which contribute to a child acting battlefully.However, a collective understanding and strong evaluation of both the biological and acquisition perspective has led to a stronger readyation of understanding childhood aggression. Therefore, to amply understand the origins of self-assertive behaviour, both biological and environmental factors must be considered within their limited s cope. This leads to the completion that there argon multiple forces which lead a child to acting offensively accordingly biological and environmental factors which offset aggression preserve non be isolated.Word Count 282ContentsBiological perspective v military rank of the biological perspective ixLearning perspective xiEvaluation of the learning perspective xvConclusion xviiReferences xixBibliography xxiIntroductionThere are many expressions in which aggression lot be defined. According to Berkowitz (1975) aggression is any behaviour which causes intentional harm to a nonher person. There are many different forms of aggression which include verbal, physical and emotional behaviours that are ap enkindle in some children. Studies conducted on children (ranging in age from approximately 3 to 15 long time old) suggest that aggression develops in children based on their biological background or their environmental context. This try on is an evaluation of the biological perspec tive and learning perspective of psychology accounting for the maturement of aggression in children.This issue is worthy of investigation since aggression has twist a substantial social problem amongst future generations. Alarming news articles and reports focus on strong-growing acts. Children and youth growing up all to a greater extent or less the realness are resorting to violence on a daily theme. It has ceaselessly appealed to me to understand the basis of fast-growing(a) behaviour as I get under ones skin seen this behaviour amongst most children and teenagers, as well as adults. It is my wonder and eagerness to discover more about the ripening of aggression from two opposing views, these being the biological and learning, which have motivated me to undertake this look for topic for my extended essay. This essay is aimed specifically to evaluate the richness of innate drives and the environmental determinants of belligerent behaviour.Biological perspectiveThe biological perspective of psychology is based on the assumption that behaviour is biologically determined. In Weiten (2007) text, the biological perspective belief that is referred to is that all psychological issues kibosh from a physiological background. Therefore, aggression in children, according to the biological perspective, is considered to be an innate behaviour. Biological factors which pioneer aggressive behaviour in children are hereditary pattern, where aggression whitethorn be passed from the parents to their off cringe, as well as low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin, and the activity of certain structures in the brain, that when manipulated may trigger aggressive behaviour. Many of the theories and case studies that have been put forward to support the hypothesis that aggression in children is biologically determined will be discussed in further detail.The biological perspective suggests that aggression in children is inherited through the traits of parent s. Many theories have been driven by fetchings from research on animals, which highlight that there is some genetic aspect to aggression. selective breeding has been one of the longest existing methods to find the existence of a phenotypic characteristic. In 1979 a Finnish psychologist, Kristi Lagerspetz, took the most aggressive mice from an assembly and mated them with other aggressive mice, and similarly the same utilize for those non-aggressive mice. Lagerspetzs procedure was repeated over 26 generations of mice giving birth to their offspring (cited in Grivas.J, Carter.L 2005). The significant end of this experiment was that the mice that had been bred for aggressive tendencies demonstrated immense levels of aggression where they instantly attacked other mice sharing the same cage. Mice that were not bred with aggressive mice did not act aggressively when other mice attacked them, they did not illustrate the tendency to retaliate.Lagerspetzs experiment can be criticised on the intellect that it cannot be conducted with humans because it is drawly unethical. A significant contribution of this selective breeding experiment is its illustration of a genetic basis of aggression and how it can be passed onto the offspring. These mice had a practical wages over humans because these species have a short gestation peak, which is essential as aggressive behaviour can be monitored over successive generations in a short period of time. The mice can have their behaviours observed in a lab, inappropriate humans. This is in like manner a practical advantage as the mice were all kept in the same environmental conditions hence their behaviour would not differ from one mouse to another because they shared the same environment.Arising from this experiment is the criticism of extrapolating results from animals to humans. Despite some analogy mingled with humans and animals there is still a large difference between them, therefore a direct link cannot be made betw een mice and children. Mice species have differing logic and reasoning capacities as compared to humans, hence mice do not facilitate the opportunity to choose to be aggressive or not, whereas children have the potentiality of logically choosing to act aggressively.On the other hand, more efficient methods of demonstrating that aggression in children is an inherited behaviour is emphasised by other research methodologies such as twin studies. Twin studies suggest that aggression in children is an inherited trait passed on from parents to their offspring. Twin studies are genuinely useful for the reason that superposable twins are monozygotic, and their genetic makeup is identical. Hence, all additional differences in their behaviour are accounted by their environment and go steadys as an individual. In one turn over, conducted by Caspi (1998), data was collected from identical and non-identical twins chase a questionnaire asking various personal and non-personal questions. The results indicated that aggressive behaviour was only partly inherited, and that environmental factors vie an equally contributing role. However, according to Baron and Richardson (1994), the tendency to be aggressive is not passed on from the parents to the offspring rather the temperament which is capable of making someone more or less aggressive can be inherited. This twin study is clearly indicative of the inheritance of aggressive behaviour, yet it cannot be claimed that inheritance is the only key factor which causes aggressive behaviour or the tendency to be aggressive in children.Over time research has also consistently indicated that low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin plays a central role in increased levels of aggression in children. In a study conducted at the National make for of Mental Health (Bethasda MD), a positive correlation was found between low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin and the levels of aggression in children with attention deficit hyp eractivity disorder (Mitsis.E et al, 2000). In another study conducted by Russian researchers, silver medal foxes were studied. It was found that those foxes which had been bred for over 30 years for domestic behaviour, showed no defensive reactions to humans because they had high levels of serotonin in various structures of the brain, compared to the foxes which had been bred without freedom (Popova et al, 1991). These studies clearly highlight the role which serotonin plays in causing aggressive behaviour amongst children the lower the levels of serotonin the higher the level of aggression.Once again, this research could be criticised on the grounds that it is difficult to associate these findings to children as they are different beings. The above experiments are of considerable value as the foxes could be trained and kept over an extended period of time where their behaviour is closely observed, unlike humans who cannot be kept in such environments.Certain split of the brain ha ve been found to be responsible for the development of aggression in children. The structure of the hypothalamus and the amygdala located within the brain are a leading biological cause of aggressive behaviour. Both structures communicate with each other via electric signals. The hypothalamus and amygdala can be manipulated using electrical currents, and they may be switched on or off disabling their normal operation using an electrode. Bard (1934) investigated the effect of lesions on the levels of aggression in cats. Bard found that when parts of the cortex were removed from the cats, they displayed sham rage where the cats acted aggressively. He also found that when parts of the hypothalamus were removed the sham rage disappeared, clearly demonstrating that the manipulation of the hypothalamus and cortex plays a role in the development of aggression.Evaluation of the biological perspectiveThe biological approach of explaining aggressive behaviour in children is very scientific an d is consequently regarded as reliable. It is based on many experimental studies which are conducted in science laboratory conditions in order to eliminate any environmental influences on the findings. However, the location of the experiments is not only a strength but also a potential helplessness. The biological perspective involves low ecological cogency where most studies are conducted within laboratory conditions. Experiments conducted in the laboratory will most certainly take different results then in real-life situations as participants will not demonstrate the exact same behaviour in real-life situations as they will under examination. Thus, this weakness does not implicate that such laboratory experiments are invaluable rather they are limited to generalisabilty. However, positive correlations between real life situations can be drawn, highlighting that laboratory studies are considerably useful.The biological perspective can be criticised on the basis that aggression in children cannot be related to studies that have been conducted on animals. An argument stemming from this point is that it is not executable to apply animal findings to humans regardless of the similarities because they are different beings. Parallels between humans and animals may be oversimplified, and therefore social, as well as learning processes, must also be taken into consideration. The summary of animal results from the biological perspective requires cautious interpretation. However, using animals to demonstrate the link between childhood aggression and biological factors is also beneficial. Studies such as the breeding of generations as conducted by Lagzerspetz and lesions on certain parts of the brain, conducted by Bard, are contributing factors in the development of aggression which cannot be conducted on humans because it will cause psychological and physical harm to the participants and most likely result in death. Similarly, there is always some sort of connecti on that can be drawn between animals and humans, therefore using animals can be a starting point to understanding the biological bases of aggression in children.Another weakness of explaining the development of aggression in children from the biological perspective is the reductionist nature of the biological approach. This is one of the main weaknesses which the biological perspective incorporates. The biological perspective does not regard or take into the account the fundamental interaction of the mind and body with the environment, rather it only takes into consideration neurological processes. Environmental factors are also not placed into perspective. This is a downfall as complex human behaviours cannot always be explained on a genetic basis the skirt environment also plays a central role in influencing and triggering aggressive behaviours. One certain structure of the brain cannot be the only factor which is responsible for the development of aggression in children, because most structures of the brain are connected and their influence or triggering of behaviour cannot therefore be based in one specific area.Correspondingly, the findings of all studies conducted cannot be generalised to all children. These findings are applicable to a small sample and findings cannot be predicted to be the same for a different sample of children as all children are different. Yet, this can be a starting point to understanding the basis of aggressive behaviour.Learning perspectiveThe learning perspective is established on the basis that although everyone is born with a genetic endowment which is the root of instinctual behaviours, the majority of behaviour is learnt from the environment. The profound principle of this assumption suggests that aggression in children does not purely develop as a result of biological factors, rather it accounts for a very electric razor part. According to Bandura (1961) aggression can be learnt from the observation of other people and t heir aggressive behaviour. Aggression in children can also be learnt through the observation of frustrated people who surround them and frustration also triggers aggressive behaviour (Dollard 1939). Alarming articles and studies have revealed that unfounded television receiver games are linked to aggressive behaviour amongst children.Firstly, a theory proposed to support the theory of aggression from the learning perspective is the frustration-aggression hypothesis which was proposed by privy Dollard (1939). The frustration aggression theory suggests that frustration is the main factor which contributes to aggression. For example, when an individual is frustrated, in a certain situation, they will immediately display aggressive behaviour. According to this hypothesis, aggression will only occur receivable to frustration and no other particular factor. Also, according to Glassman (2000) the level of aggression demonstrated is purely drug-addicted on how frustrated one may be. Fo r instance when a child is prevented from taking a kind of action or possessing something it is most likely believed that the child will become aggressive occurring as a result of being frustrated.Barker et al (1941) further investigated frustration as a cause of aggression in young children. In their study, children were shown a roomful of attractive toys which were kept out of their reach. The children were kept away from the toys for a while before they were allowed to play with them. The controlled conditioned group of the children were allowed to immediately play with the toys. Similar to Dollards findings (1939), it was observed from this conducted study that the children who were frustrated because they had to wait before being open to the toys, played aggressively with the toys by smashing and stomping on them. On the other hand, the children who were allowed to play immediately with the toys handled them carefully and played happily.One social determinant of aggressive be haviour is Albert Banduras social learning theory (1961) which highlights the role of observation and its consequences on the aggressive behaviour in children from the learning perspective. Albert Bandura views most human behaviour as learned by observing a simulate or solely another person, which affects a childs view of how this new behaviour can be substantial and how this new attained behaviour is a guide for their actions. This provides the basis of explaining aggressive behaviour in children from the learning perspective. Banduras (1961) most well k instantern experiment was the Bobo doll experiment the Bobo doll being a pliable clown doll. In this experiment Bandura examined the consequential actions of children observing an adult behaving aggressively with a Bobo doll. During the experiment he had children watching models acting aggressively towards a Bobo doll. They watched the video of the model constantly acting aggressively by sitting on the doll, punching it and kick ing it repeatedly. Bandura had other children watch a non aggressive model playing sedately with the Bobo doll. Once the children were exposed to such models, they were taken into another room where there were many toys amongst them the Bobo doll. The results from this experiment indicated that children, who were exposed to the aggressive model and observed their acts, imitated aggressive behaviour towards the Bobo doll. In contrast, the children who were exposed to the non-aggressive model showed no or very little aggressive behaviour.Albert Banduras Bobo Doll experiment highlights the role of observation in childrens learning. Children were the subject as they are less socially conditioned unlike adults. However, this experiment raises the possibility that children may have legal opinion that this experiment was a game as a consequence of the Bobo doll having a spring which causes it to spring back immediately after being knocked down. A criticism of this research is that it is n ot ecological the children may have not acted aggressively towards any human in real life. Another potential weakness is the fact that the children may have not been exposed to the Bobo doll previously, hence they did not know how to play with it.A criticism of the social learning theory is also that it does not take into account the physical and mental changes which a child undergoes as they mature. Children at different ages may respond to laboratory experiments in different ways.Much like observation of others behaviours, violent video games and television shows have also been proved to trigger aggression in children. The learning perspective suggests that children who play violent video games such as Doom, Wolfenstein 3D or Mortal Combat and others often experience aggressive behaviour, either physically or verbally. Violent video games have a supplementary violation on young children and trigger aggressive behaviour more than violent television shows because they are more in teractive, engaging the child in aggressive acts and ultimately rewarding them for acting aggressively within the game. Dr. Craig A. Anderson, Ph.D. (2000) states, This medium is potentially more dangerous than word picture to violent television and movies. Dr. Anderson of Iowa State University in Ames and his colleagues found that in the U.S and Japan, Nipponese and American children who played violent video games demonstrated more aggressive behaviour months later compared to their peers who didnt. In Andersons study, 181 Japanese students aged between 12 and 15 years old and 364 U.S. children aged between 9 and12 years old were tested. The U.S and Japanese children named their favourite video games and how often they played. The children from both groups were later on asked to rate their level of aggression and reports from their teachers and peers were also taken into consideration. From the results it was found that the children from each group who were exposed to more violen t video games were much more aggressive than those who were less exposed. Comparisons were made between their prior levels of aggression and how there was a dramatic trick up in this level (Cited in BBC News, Video games Increase Aggression, Health share, 2000). Violent video games can impact on childrens aggression levels, as children begin to believe that the world is a hostile place, and aggressive acts are an acceptable part of normal daily life. Presumably, constant and excessive exposure to violent video games causes children to become desensitized to violence. Once they have been engaged in aggressive acts it impacts on the children emotionally, and as a consequence these children find it much easier and acceptable to engage in violence and aggressive acts.A criticism of this study is that the pagan context of the children was not taken into account. Japan and the U.S are two differing cultures hence what is deemed as aggressive in Japan may not be aggressive in the U.S an d vice versa. Hence, it is difficult to compare the behaviour of these children whilst ignoring cultural factors.Leonard Berkowitz (1989) investigated the effect of pain and discomfort on individuals to demonstrate their likelihood of acting aggressively. He bring on pain by placing the participants give in cold or warm water while they distributed rewards and punishments to a partner. Berkowitz identified that those who had their hands placed in the cold water caused greater harm to their partner than those who had their hands immersed in warm water. This is sufficient to draw the conclusion that pain is a contributing factor to aggression.Evaluation of the learning perspectiveThe learning perspective also incorporates strengths and weaknesses. Similar to the biological perspective of explaining aggressive behaviour in children, it is reductionist. It explains aggressive behaviour in terms of a characteristic which is being learnt although it does not disavow the genetic endowme nt of aggressive behaviour. The learning perspective argues that aggressive behaviour is learnt through observation, and triggered by the surrounding environment and conditions. It simplifies the occurrence of certain behaviours, especially aggression, into a few steps. For instance, the problem of reduction is evident in Albert Banduras study of the Bobo doll whereby aggressive behaviour is reduced to the process of imposture. Thus, it has overlooked other leading causes of the development of aggression including the childrens upbringing and home environment. Children were varied therefore some children may have been brought up in a violent home and exposed to many aggressive situations. This may have affected the way they acted in the laboratory and the ultimate results of the experiment. It was also assumed that all biological influences such as levels of serotonin are identical for each participant.The frustration aggression hypothesis supported by Dollard (1939) is an ineffici ent method of demonstrating how childhood aggression develops as in some cases, such as learned helplessness, frustration may not lead to aggression rather it may lead to depression. Therefore, frustration is not the only key factor which contributes to aggressive behaviour there are other sources which may lead to this same outcome.The learning perspective also denies some very important mental processes which also result in the development of aggression in children. This perspective does not take into account how certain brain structures may trigger aggressive behaviour, in other words it does not take into account neurological processes, and rather it simply accounts for the influences of daily life and the environmental context which a person is brought up in. The learning perspective does not incorporate any biological or cognitive processes which are also responsible for the development of aggression.Nevertheless, the learning perspective focuses on the environment and the con dition in which a child is situated to produce an aggressive response. It has many practical applications which have been effective in explaining the development of aggressive behaviour. It clearly highlights how certain behaviours, especially aggression, can be learned by the observation of others.The learning perspective also has a low ecological validity, whereby the children who were engaging in the experiment may have acted differently in the laboratory than what they would have in a real life situation. To be specific, Albert Banduras Bobo doll experiment can be criticised on the grounds that the childrens aggression was measured away from their natural environment. However, if such experiments are conducted in a more realistic manner, then the results would be more beneficial in terms of understanding how aggressive behaviour in children develops.ConclusionThis essay was specifically an evaluation of the biological and learning perspectives of psychology accounting for the de velopment of aggression in children. Having considered the interpretations of the development of aggression in children from both the biological and learning perspective, and the criticisms which arise from the research conducted, it can be concluded that both the biological and learning perspectives contribute to the development of aggression in children. In terms of the biological perspective, aggression is viewed as purely being based on biological basis. It is regarded as highly reliable since it is based on science. However, the learning perspective views aggression as being unrelated to genes, rather aggression is learnt. The learning perspectives social learning theory is a useful bill for the aggressive behaviour of children. It not only applies to direct experiences such as being disciplined by parents, but rather at all times such as when watching television. The frustration-aggression hypothesis has a weaker stance, because frustration does not always induce aggression, rather it may encourage retaliation. This hypothesis suggests that frustration accounts for all aggressive acts. For this reason it is not completely justified, because there are more determinants of aggressive behaviour.Both the biological perspective and learning perspective are based on evidence and practical studies which have been conducted. However, the learning perspective views aggression in children as having some sort of biological basis, yet through experience and reinforcement aggression becomes learned and evident amongst children. For instance, the role of the parent is paramount in using the biological factors of the child to mould the child and guide them through their development. If a childs genes are inclined to be aggressive, the parent within the environment will attempt to nurture and accommodate for their childs genes by attempting to provide a unagitated lifestyle. Parents may also choose to put their child in a hobby that is sports oriented to leave for th e aggressive levels in order to use their energy in a positive way, where they stimulate mentation and reasoning skills preventing the child from resorting to aggressive acts. From this it is clearly evident that both the biological perspective and learning perspective account for and contribute to the development of aggression in children as it is difficult to isolate the contributing factors. It is clear that innate biological factors may be present in a child however the environment sets the limits on how to behave and deal with social influences that influence a child to act aggressively.Understanding the underlying factors which contribute to aggressive behaviour will form the basis of combating the levels of violence all around the world where children, youth and adolescents often resort to violence. Through further investigation, the effect of cognitive and mental processes may now be evaluated to determine their influence on childhood aggression which will lead to education al programs being implemented in schools and for the general society.ReferencesBooksBaron. R.A Richardson. D.C (1994). Human Aggression (2nd ed.). Plenum Publishing.Berkowitz, L. (1975). A survey of Social Psychology. Hillsdale, IL Dryden pleadDollard, J. D. (1939). Frustration and Aggression. New Haven CN Yale University Press.Glassman, W. (2000). Approaches to Psyhcology (2nd ed.). Philadelphia Open University Press.Grivas.J, Carter. L. (2005). Psychology for the VCE Student (4th ed.). Australia John Wiley Sons.Weiten, W. (2007). Psychology Themes and Variations (7th ed.). Thomson Wadsworth.ArticlesAnne, H. (2009). Violent video games linked to child aggression. Retrieved July 18, 2009, from CNN, Health Section http//www.cnn.com/2008/HEALTH/family/11/03/healthmag.violent.video.kids/index.htmlVideo games Increase Aggression. (23rd April 2000). Retrieved July 5th, 2009, from BBC NEWS, Health Section http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/720707.stmJournalsBarker, R. Dembo,T, and Lewin K. (1941). Frustration and aggression An experiment with young children. University of Iowa Studies in Child Welfare, 18, 1-314.Berkowitz, L. (1989). Frustration-aggression hypothesis Examination and reformulation. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 59-73.Caspi, A. Plomin, R., Corley, A, Fulker, D.W, DeFries, J.C. (1998). Adoption results for self-reported personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 211-218Bandura, A, Ross, D. and Ross, S.A (1961). Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 575-582Bard,P. (1934). On emotional expression after decortication, with some remarks on certain theoretical views. Psychological Review 41309-329 and 424-449.Mitsis, Effie M,Hampering. J.M and Newcorn. J.H. (2000). Serotonin and aggression in children. present-day(prenominal) Psychiatry Reports Journal, Volume 2, Number 2, (1535-1645).Popova N, Voitenko N, Kulikov A, Avgustinovich D (1991). Evidence for the inv olvement of central serotonin in utensil of domestication of silver foxes. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 40751-756

The Buddhist No Self Doctrine Philosophy Essay

The Buddhistic No Self Doctrine Philosophy EssayThe Buddha taught that in that respect were no continue identity and there be no permanent stable identities. We argon just a complex experience streamed by time. We atomic number 18 just short lived, temporal, historical beings in the outgrowth of becoming. on that point is no difference between you and your life you are your life history. thoughts were the gestateer and experiences were the experiencerThe Buddha taught Ksanika-vada which is an anti-substantial precept that the humanity is in a continuous flux and is impermanent. There is nonhing more than movement and change in the world (Anitya). There are no fixed or permanent, absolute or free lance substances. The Buddhist pull throughence is the same as Heraclitus simile of a river as you cant step twice into the same river repayable to the constant ever-changing of water. The phenomenology of satisfyingity, objects, events and egotism are non what we think they are. They are in fact a temporary interconnected stream of some fundamental elements. This is the Buddhist ontology that everything occurs through makes and effects. All these things we believe to be continue entities, including self, are just a stream of events. The effect doesnt exist when the cause existed and the cause halt existing when the effect be intimates to exist. This results in everything in the world having a cause and nonhing existing unconditioned.The root of Atman is the metaphysical self or soul which is everlasting. The Hindu religion uses this estimation of the soul thus they keep an eye on the Eternalists view. This is that the soul is im genuine, infinite and immortal so it ordain continue to exist for ever. Atman has various meaning much(prenominal) as soul, self, being, ego or personality. This is what Buddhism rejects, a persisting and invariable entity in humans. The doctrine of Nairatmya-Vada teaches us that to recognise ourselves as a pe rsisting entity is an illusion. We are real a phenomenon of human experiences (dharma) so we are temporal being (Ksanika). What we c every the self is actu anyy a temporary interconnected stream of thoughts and desires.So why do we believe we befuddle a self and why do we cling onto the idea of a self? The early Buddhist believed individuals were an arrangement is a composition of quintuple aggregates (skandha). None of these phenomena contain an in reality sense of selfThe body (rupa)Feelings of pleasure and pain (vedana)Sense- base perceptions of objects (vijnana)Conceptual thoughts (samjna)Volitions, inherited dispositions and habits (samskara)To clarify, conceptual thoughts are not the theme but just the thoughts themselves. They are not a substance or an enduring self. to a fault consciousness is not found in these five aggregates as the Buddha rejected the idea. Rather consciousness is named by the cause. It is dependent on all five and it cant exist without them. For ex ample the eye gives visibility which gives show up to visible consciousness. This is a mental consciousness. Consciousness is always an effect of the aggregates and always in flux. .The self is not actually real as none of these five aggregates show that there is a persisting and enduring identity in humans. What gives rise to individuals tone of voice of self is just the aggregate of these factors replacing each other. For example, a body touch a red hot poker, this will give rise to a feeling of pain, this will give rise to a thought of pain and the memory of what it felt like. It is a ceremonious designation for a becoming compound of the five aggregates that gives rise to the feeling that we are selves. Descartes believed that I think thereof I am, whereas the Buddha taught that I am because I think. Therefore Buddhism is an impersonalist teaching showing us that the self doesnt actually exist so we are not what we think we are, we dont matter.Nagasena explains this concept in Question of fagot Milanda through a conversation between Menader (a king) and Nagasena (a monk). Nagasena asks the king if the axle, wheels, chariot body, flagstaff, yoke, reins or goad-stick is the chariot. Also he asks if all of these are the chariot. All of these were answered negatively. so the chariot is not the same as the split and is not the parts conjointly. He concludes that the word chariot is tho a name for the parts in a true way wreakation. He applies this to self and postulates that his name is just a construction of his five aggregates but not actually a selfAs the various parts, the contrasting adjuncts of a vehicle, form, when united, that which is called a chariot so, when the five khandas are united in one aggregate, or body, they constitute that which is called a being, a living existence.The Buddhism doctrine of Pratiya- Samutpada, often translated as dependent arising taught that thirst or desires, attachments and commitments are causally related to suffering (duhkha). This is where the Buddha explains the crop where enduring world phenomenon arises. eve though cause and events (dharmas) are separate in Buddhism they are silence interconnected and this is the same for the continuous cycle of rebirth (samsara). It is just life a flowing river or an ever turning wheel. There is no need for the self, all phenomena, our experiences, substances and events, can be explained by caused and effect. aliveness is one causal sequence made of Twelve Links of Dependent Origination (nidanas). This shows that no beings exist independent of any other beings. Therefore it describes one enduring identity from birth to death and as well reincarnated lives1. Ignorance2. Volitional Actions3. States of Mind4. Name and Form5. Sense Sources6. Contact7. Feelings8. Attachment9. Grasping10. Becoming11. feature12. Aging and DeathYet again this process shows us that nothing can exist by itself. This is because the Buddha taught that if something has a dependent origination hence it cant be independentIf something is fundamentally dependent then it must be devoid of having a nature that is independent of other phenomena, of existing independently. Anything that is dependently originated must in fact be empty. eitherthing that we experience is a result of a cause and the nature of them is being dependent. This inwardness that all of our phenomena are empty of having an independent self.To be enlightened is to take away the first get in touch of ignorance and be aware that all our phenomena are empty and once we are aware of this we will engender enlightened. This is becoming aware that we arent actually what we think are. Our self or personality is a constitution of feelings and attachments to objects which is what causes our process of becoming. This is the aim of Atman, to escape from this unsatisfaction that the phenomena of the persisting self causes. When we grasp an object we want we may feel merriment but this never la st and even if we get an object we want we always crave for more or are scared of losing it. We need to become enlightened that these are not actually real and are only a product of our phenomena. The four noble truths teach us that you can authorize your true self and aspire to a higher living. When you understand that ignorance, volitional action, attachment and feeling and devouring(a) are empty then you will let escape the circle of birth, suffering, death and rebirth (samsara) and identify peace in nirvana.As we pick out seen, early Buddhism analysed experience into five aggregates but later schools highly-developed the process of reduction analysis. The Abhidharma, a later reduction analysis text, develops some of the fundamental teaching of the Buddhism. The Abhidharma analyses phenomenon and experiences, lessen them into minute essentials (dharma) by complex lists. This rejects the sustainable self as an independent entity because it is actually a changing construction dependent on complex friendship of mental and material components. The Sarvastivada Abhidharma doctrine teaches that only impartite entities authentically exist. If atoms make up an object then the object doesnt exist as it is just an aggregate. The impartite entities in phenomenon (dharma) concord a permanent identity of their own (svabhava) and exist in the past, present and future. Each dharma has its own essences or intrinsic nature (svalaksana). This idea is Atomism, where the basic constituent ingredients for all mental thoughts and physical materials are all reducible to this. Yet again this breaks down our habits of attachment as we are just a stilt of material elements and just as the Lotus flower will fade and die so will us. As the dharmas which have no cause and effect dont include the self, this must mean that all aspects of our experiences are impermanent and dependent on many causes and effects which arise and pass. This ontology of dharmas shows us that the world we live in is not what we think it is. Hence our attachments, commitments and desires for objects of this world are falseTry to grasp the world and it runs through ones fingers.The Abhidharma lists conditioned realities (samskrta) which are made from temporary fluxes. These phenomena are conditioned1. Material phenomena2. Mind3. Mental phenomena4. Elements which are neither material nor mentalThe mind is conceived as a complex cognitive process consisting of a succession or related momentary mental states. Mental states arise dependent on its cause therefore forming a mental flux. The mind is always rapidly changing, streams of consciousness is made up of streams of awareness. Every moment of cognition relates to a particular object therefore intentionality and consciousness are inseparable. Our phenomenon of consciousness is therefore a stream of immaterial and impersonal events it is associated with the body in life but will come to exist dependent on another body after the death of the body. This is not a persisting self but an impersonal series of mental events. Our reality is made up of a connection of momentary events. So mind and matter are not substance but events, and mental and material events interact in a flux.The Sautrantika teaching are different from the Abhidharma teachings as it rejections dharma as actual reality. The Abhidharma introduced the idea of permanence in the world through dharmas and the Sautrantika rejects this unconditional reality. This is because the Abhidharma dharmas go against the Buddhist principle of impermanence (anitya). They halt the notion of dharma but eliminate the notion of svabhava. They believe that our basic reality is just flashes of momentary brawn (svalakshana). Therefore all things momentary exist only in the minute when they are produced. This is a radicalisation of impermanence as everything is instantaneous and has no duration. All materials are also impermanent as all things decay. chemical decomposit ion reaction needs no external causes as it is a self destruction of the material. So there is only ever a present, there is no past or future as everything is instantaneous. An enduring and persisting self can certainly not exist as there is only momentary existence. Thus consciousness actually is just a flux of momentary flash of energy hence there is no need for a conscious self with a past, present and future.The doctrine of sakaravada teaches us that we are never in contact with the material world but only perceive an aspect based upon the sense organs and sense consciousnessIt asserts the mediated character of cognition, the recognition that perception apprehends its object through the mediation of a mark left by the object on consciousness.Therefore reality is not what we think it is as there is a gap between our minds and what is actually occuringf. It is not a self being confronted by a world of objects. It is actually our sense consciousness taking on the form of the sakar avada. Before there was a need for a self for something to be consciously perceived by the senses but in this theory there is no need for this as we are not in direct contact with the world (bahyartha-pratyaks).The Nyaya- Vaisheshika taught that the world had an objective structure, that we are permanent, that there were persisting entities and they were substances. Dignaga, a Buddhist scholar believed that these categories that have been discovered in reality are just imposed by the whole caboodle of the mind and dont actually exist in reality. Through the process of our imagination (kalpana) is what we are giving dustup to. It is our language that imposes structure of reality. The mind groups svalakshana together. So words for generalities, for classes, for types, for qualities and words for individual substances all would seem to have repeatable properties are just our interpretation of the world and not actually real. Our minds are linking together different particulars and im agine them as an enduring and persisting entity. We forget that we are part of a process and blather in terms of us being stable observers not matter or quantum self, however we are not except from processes. Thus the belief of the self is just a word invented by the mind for the different processes in flux.Yogcara, another School of Buddhism, rejects the Sautrantika and Abhidharma idea of there being a reality independent of the mind. These ideas are interconnected and give rise to other ideas whilst being self illuminating. The unenlightened believe they have a self or they are conscious but this actually arises from a stream of conscious self illuminating ideas. This is because these self-conscious ideas may wrongly believe they have a self when actually they are part of a flux. It is the mind-set that makes us have this belief as this establishes how we perceive the world. Even though the world is mind only, the ideas cast themselves as external resulting in the misconstrued be lief that we have a self. People dont feel individual because of the external world but because of the certain habitual mind-set they have, their feelings and moods.

Left And Right Censored Survival Times Philosophy Essay

left(p) And mighty Censored Survival Times Philosophy EssayProvide a clear explanation of what is meant by left ban and in good order criminalise excerpt cartridge holders, and illustrate your answer with but ab come forth lessonlings of how each may elevate in a social light context.Suppose that you gestate day-and-night time unemployment trance selective information. The info were derived utilize a stock seek with follow-up (i.e. oppugns nigh time after the stock essay conflict). You as well as bemuse the date of the interview, at which time information about characteristics were collected, and whether or not the spell in progress at the stock sampling date was unflustered in progress and, if not, the date the spell abolished. By deduction, you can see the length of time between the stock sample date and the date at which each person was last observe to be unemployed (the interview date for those still unemployed or some date between the stock sample date and interview date for those who got a job). However, you dont know the date at which each persons spell began, and nor therefore the length of each persons unemployment spell in total from get moving until last observed. With reference to expressions for the sample record- likeliness lam, show that it is attainable to hazard the parameters of an exp one(a)ntial persist go away hazard regression model in this case. Also discuss, giving reasons, whether you could account a Weibull model with the same data.adapted from Wooldridge (2002, Ex. 20.3) Assume that you turn in a hit-or-miss sample from the inflow to the state, and all pick times are justly-hand(a)- illegalize.(i) bring through down the sample put down-likelihood bleed for this situation.(ii) Derive the special case of likelihood function given in (i) when choice times follow the Gompertz distri scarceion. Recall that the Gompertz model has hazard function q(t, X) = lexp (gt), where l = exp (b0 + b1X 1 + b2X2 + + bkXk) and crop parameter g 0.(iii) distribute the Gompertz model in which the covariate vector X only contains a aeonian. visualise that the Gompertz logarithmarithm likelihood cannot be maximized for real numbers b0 and g.(iv) From (iii), what do you close about estimating duration models from inflow sample data when all survival times are remediate criminalize?Table of Contents left over(p) censored and Right censoredWhen we deal with observances the observation goal is the contrast between the time when experiment begins (time is zero) and when it terminates (let, time is T0 in pattern 01). that in galore(postnominal) cases the entities under consideration (human/device) dont come to an end and in those cases we say that it has been suspended, truncated or censored. In many areas of social science and life testing, the subject(s) may leave or enter after they confirm been put on test. The subject may leave our study in the lead completion (due to di stress or death) or may enter late. To see such behaviour of human being we are beted in left censored and right censored. Censoring occurs because sometimes our study of interest is lost to follow-up.Censored data means that the observations are known part and it reflects the side of the dimension. Stephen P. Jenkins in his Survival Analysis wrote,A survival time is censored if all that is known is that it began or ended within some particular interval of time, and thus the total spell length (from portal time until transition) is not known exactly.(Jenkins 2005, p. 4)Its a major problem in social science that some observations are censored but its actually usual that our study of interest may not survive until the end plosive speech sound.Left CensoredLeft unratifiedise refers to the event that occurs at a time before a left bound. In this case we dont know the time when it started. (L Samartzis 2005-06)It is such a situation that we know the datum is downstairs a certain valuate but we dont know how much it is.Say, for example, a pathological report is revealed which ensures that the patient is suffering from cancer but we have no idea when the patient has been infected.Figure 01 illustrates the outlaw situations where X refers the points in time when we actually start or finish monitoring the censored entities, except the beginning (of entity life, at time zero) and the end of the experimental observation period (time T0). Here Line C completes its spell and all former(a) entities are interrupted.Here, a shows an entity that has already been operating for some unknown period of time, before we start monitoring it. This case is called left-censorship. (Dr. J Luis Romeu, n. d.)Figure 01 Left and Right CensoringIn a word left censoring means censoring occurs on the left side. If we ignore this type of censoring then there arise selectivity bias because left censoring go forth overestimate the mean duration as longer spells tend to be observed mor e frequently than shorter spells. (Amemiya 1999)Right CensoredRight censoring refers to the event that occurs at a time after a right bound. In this case we dont know the time when it ended. (L Samartzis 2005-06)In duration models and survival analysis right censoring occurs very often because in many cases observations are known to be larger than some given value. In this case the only information we have is the right bound.Say, for example, we start with calciferol light bulbs and this volition be terminated after an assigned period of time. In this experiment censoring bequeath occur on the right side because we exactly know the starting point of our experiment.In Figure 01, Line b shows an entity that has been monitored since the beginning of its life (i.e. at the start of the experiment) but which we have ceased to observe before the experiment ends (time T0) or it fails. That is, we observe the entity for some time, after which we are not able to monitor it any more. This another(prenominal) type of truncation is known as right censoring. (Dr. J Luis Romeu, n. d) coincidence between left and right censoring with the help of an exampleSuppose, a social scientist is interested in analysing the adverse affect of fetching illegal drugs in a particular area (may be Colchester). The researcher is volition to determine the distribution of the time until inaugural Marijuana use among gamey school boys in that area. The question to be answered by the school boys isWhen did you first use Marijuana?Let us consider two sibyllic repliesRespondent 01I have used it but cannot remember just when the first time was.Respondent 02I never used it.In case of the 1st respondent the event had occurred but exact date at which he started using Marijuana is totally unknown. This is an example of left censored.On the other hand, in the 2nd case the event not yet occurred but there may be the possibility of taking Marijuana in some future dates. Unlike the left censored th e censoring occurs on the right side and thus this is an example of right censored. (Klein and Moeschberger 2003, p. 70-71)(b) Stock sample distribution with follow-upThe important things to be considered in this example areThis is a continuous time unemployment spell data.The data were derived using a stock sample with follow-up which is a different trope of left truncation (delayed entry) and their applications are similar to bobby pin. This type of data is close commonly used by economists. (Jenkins 2005, p. 5)The stock sample dates are still in progresses which indicate that there are some observations that are right censored.Let us define,Ti = Total spell lengthf (Ti) = Probability density function (slope of Failure function) at time TiS (Ti) = Survival function at time Ti (Ti) = lay on the line function at time TiS (ti) = The date at which the stock sample was drawnCi = Censoring indicatorXi = Vector of observed covariatesb = Parameter to be estimatedN = Sample sizeThere are two types of contributors,Those who leave the state of interest.Those who hindrance in our state of interest.So the likelihood function will be,N N = f(Ti) / S (ti) Ci S (Ti) / S (ti) 1- Cii = 1 i= 1Now by definition of hazard function, we haveN = (Ti) Ci S (Ti) / S (ti) i = 1NOr, log = Ci log (Ti) + log S (Ti) log S (ti) compare no 01 i = 1equating no 01 clearly states the log-likelihood function of the example. Now its not difficult to consider the exponential and Weibull model to estimate the parameters.For Exponential Model caseWe know that the Exponential model has the pursuance hazard function (Ti) = where l = exp(bX)Now, by definition the survival function can be obtained from the hazard function by the equating down the stairstS(t) = exp ( (u)du ) comparison no 02 0So the survival function of the Exponential model is S(t) = exp (-t ). Now plugging the value of the hazard and survival function of the Exponential model in the log-likelihood fun ction (Equation no 01) we get the Exponential hazard regression model which is as followsNlog = Ci log + log exp (-T ) log exp (-t ) i = 1NOr, log = Ci (bX) T t i = 1Once we get the value of the variables we can easily calculate the log-likelihood function of the Exponential hazard regression model.For Weibull Model caseExponential model is a special case of Weibull model which has the following hazard function (Ti) = t-1 where l = exp(bX)When = 1 the model describes the Exponential model thus it is nothing but a special case of Weibull model. From equation no 02 the survival function of Weibull model is,S(t) = exp (-t )Plugging the value in the log-likelihood function (Equation no 01) we get the Weibull model,Nlog = Ci log t-1 + log exp (- T) log exp (- t ) i = 1NOr, log = Ci (bX) + Ci log + Ci ( 1) log t T t i = 1Like the exponential model we can easily calculate the Weibull model when we have the data of the model. The estimation can be obtained from the above log-likelihood function for the given data. alone its a matter of judgment that which model will be the best-fitted? The topic depends on the value of and its critical value of the t-statistic (the p-value). The critical t-statistic value of will decide which model is appropriate for the given data. If the value of is greater than 1 and significant then it is wise to consider the Weibull model rather than the exponential model.(c) Adapted from Wooldridge (2002, Ex. 20.3)The problem of estimating the censoring and time varying covariates is not possible to handle by the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method rather it is address by the estimation based on Maximum Likelihood (ML) method. except before going to estimate we should identify the type of process that generates the data i.e. the type of sampling scheme.The random sample from the inflow to the state is one of the five sampling schemes analyzed in social science. (Jenkins 2005, p. 61)Given the random sample, letXi = Vector of observed covariates = Vector of unknown parametersN = Random sample sizeti = Length of timeCi= Censoring indicatorCi = 1 if uncensoredCi = 0 if censoredThe conditional likelihood observations can be written asf( ti Xi, ) Ci 1 F (ti Xi, ) 1- Ciwhere uncensored and censored subjects are in product form. (Cox and Oakes 1992, p. 33)(i)If all observations are right censored, Ci = 0 and hence the log-likelihood function isN log 1 F (ti Xi, ) Equation no 03i=1(ii)Gompertz model has hazard function q(t, X) = lexp (gt)where l = exp(b0 + b1X1 + b2X2 + + bkXk) and shape parameter g 0By definition, survival function S(t) istS(t) = exp ( (u)du ) recall Equation no 02 0Now the survival function in Gompertz model isS(t) = exp / g exp ( gt ) + ( / g ) S(t) = exp ( / g) 1 exp (gt) And consequently the failure function isF(t) = 1- exp ( / g) 1 exp (gt)So the log-likelihood function for Gompertz distribution (from Equation no 03) isN log 1 1 + exp ( / g) 1 exp (g t) i=1N= log exp ( / g) 1 exp (gt) i=1N= ( / g) 1 exp (gt) Equation no 04 i=1(iii)In Gompertz distribution when the covariate vector Xi only contains a constant implies that l = exp (b0) where without this condition l = exp (b0 + b1X1 + b2X2 + + bkXk). In this conditional case the observed covariates Xi is defined only by the constant term b0.Hence the log-likelihood function (from Equation no 04) isN= ( / g) 1 exp (gt) where l = exp( b0 )i=1N= (exp( b0 ) / g) 1 exp (gt) Equation no 05 i=1Given positive value of t and g the value of 1 exp (gt) will always be negatively charged and consequently the value of equation no 05 will be negative. So we can maximise the likelihood function only by maximize b.But when the value of b the exp (b0) . So for any positive value of g (nevertheless to mention that t is also positive) the log-likelihood function (containing only constant of covariate vector Xi ) will lead to b getting more positive determine without any bound.W e can also rule out the minimisation of log-likelihood function by minimising exp (b0) across b. For the value of b the exp (b0) 0. The values of b are getting more and more negative and it will go beyond calculation.Hence, the Gompertz log-likelihood cannot be maximized only for the real numbers b0 and g.(iv)From (iii) we observed that Gompertz log-likelihood cannot be maximised for only real numbers b0 and g. So it is not possible to estimate the Gompertz models from any given flow data when all survival times are right censored. Actually this might be a special case when all data under consideration are right censored and covariate vector Xi contains only a constant.(d) ReferencesAmemiya T. (1999), A note on left censoring, Analysis of Panels and Limited Dependent Variables Models, redact by Hsiao, C., Lahiri, K., Lee, Lung-Fei, and Pesaran, M. H., Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Cox, D. R. and Oakes, D. (1992), Analysis of Survival Data, 1st edition (Reprinted by Unive rsity Press, Cambridge), capital of the United Kingdom Chapman Hall.Jenkins, Stephen P. (2005), Survival Analysis (unpublished), , July 2005, Accessed on 07 April 2010.Klein, J. P. and Moeschberger, M. L. (2003), Survival Analysis Techniques for Censored and brief Data, 2nd Edition, New York Springer-Verlag.Romeu, Jorge L., (n. d.), Reliability and Advanced Information Technology question with Alion Science and Technology, Online at , Accessed on 08 April 2010.Samartzis, Lefteris (n. d), Survival and Censored Data, Semester Project, Winter 2005-2006, Online at , Accessed on 08 April 2010. The End